A Data Interpretation format that presents data as a written paragraph rather than a table or chart, requiring the solver to first extract and organize the relevant numbers before any calculation can begin.
The sequence of certificates from a site's own certificate up to a trusted root certificate authority, each one signed by the next, that a client verifies before trusting a connection.
A GCP service that runs stateless containers, automatically scaling from zero to many instances based on incoming traffic, without you managing the underlying servers.
A running record of mistakes made in practice and mock tests, categorized by type (concept gap, careless error, time-management error, wrong set selection) and reviewed periodically to identify recurring patterns rather than treating each mistake as an isolated incident.
A merge where the target branch's history moves forward to match the source branch, with no new merge commit created — only possible when there's no divergent history to reconcile.
From: Git for a Real Website: The iamravi.com Workflow (Guide)
The basic rule that if one event can occur in m ways and a second independent event can occur in n ways, the two events together can occur in m x n ways - the foundation most permutation and combination problems build on.
A shorthand table or matrix used to track partially-deduced arrangement puzzle information as clues are processed, allowing a solver to see what is confirmed, what is ruled out, and what remains uncertain at a glance.
A question that asks what can be reasonably concluded from the passage, without the answer being directly stated in the text - distinct from a fact-based question that can be located word-for-word.
A word or phrase - such as a pronoun, a transition word, or a reference to a previously mentioned idea - that signals how one sentence connects to another, used to reconstruct the original sequence of a jumbled paragraph.
A numeric measurement recorded over time, like CPU usage or request count — good for trends and alerting, not for explaining a single specific failure.
From: Monitoring 101: Metrics, Logs, and Traces (Guide)
A statistical adjustment applied when an exam is conducted across multiple slots, correcting for any difficulty difference between slots so no candidate is advantaged or disadvantaged by which slot they were assigned.
A measure of standing relative to every other test-taker — a 99th percentile score means you scored higher than 99% of everyone who took the exam that year.
A set of techniques for finding the remainder of a division without performing the full division, especially useful for large numbers in timed exam conditions.
The underlying condition that, if changed, would have prevented the incident — as distinct from a contributing factor that merely made it worse or more likely.
From: Root Cause Analysis: A Simple Framework (Guide)
Transport Layer Security — the protocol that encrypts data in transit between a client and server; the successor to the older, deprecated SSL protocol (the names are still used interchangeably in casual conversation).
A second working directory attached to the same repository, checked out to a different branch, so you can work on two branches at once without stashing or switching.
From: Git for a Real Website: The iamravi.com Workflow (Guide)