The technical name for strict dualism within Vedanta, asserting permanent and irreducible difference between the self and ultimate reality.
Dvaita is the technical name for the position that self and ultimate reality remain permanently and irreducibly distinct, most fully developed by Madhva as a direct rival to the readings covered under Advaita and Vishishtadvaita. This archive gives the position its own page so that the three-way Vedantic disagreement remains visible as three genuine alternatives rather than one default view and two deviations.
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A term for the innermost self explored in the Upanishads — its nature, and its relation to ultimate reality, are debated across traditions.
The technical name for non-dualism within Vedanta, asserting that self and ultimate reality are, at the deepest level, not two.
The technical name for qualified non-dualism, asserting that self and ultimate reality form a real unity that nonetheless preserves genuine internal distinction.
A Vedanta philosopher who developed a strict dualism between self and ultimate reality, giving this archive a third distinct answer to a question already argued over by Shankara and Ramanuja.
A family of interpretive schools centered on the Upanishads, the Brahma Sutras, and the Bhagavad Gita.
A dualist philosophical system distinguishing pure consciousness from the material world it observes, offering a genuinely different metaphysics from Vedantic non-dualism.