A monumental scholarly survey of the classical philosophical schools, still one of the standard references decades after it was written.
I'm partway into this one, and it's a genuinely different reading experience from anything else on my shelf right now — dense, systematic, written by a scholar who was also a serious philosopher in his own right, not just a historian summarizing other people's arguments.
Having spent a good stretch of time writing tradition pages for Nyaya, Vaisheshika, and Samkhya from scattered secondary sources, I wanted a single, authoritative reference that treats all six classical schools with comparable rigor and puts them in serious philosophical conversation with each other rather than as isolated entries in an encyclopedia. This book, even decades after it was written, still seems to be exactly that reference.
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The technical name for non-dualism within Vedanta, asserting that self and ultimate reality are, at the deepest level, not two.
A school of formal logic and epistemology, concerned with what counts as a valid means of knowledge and how sound argument can be distinguished from sophistry.
A school of natural philosophy proposing that reality is composed of discrete atoms and can be exhaustively classified into a fixed set of basic categories.
A dualist philosophical system distinguishing pure consciousness from the material world it observes, offering a genuinely different metaphysics from Vedantic non-dualism.